Switching from offline to online health consultation in the post-pandemic era: the role of perceived pandemic risk.

Introduction: Due to its effectiveness and various benefits, the use of online health consultation (OHC) has dramatically increased in recent years, especially since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, underlying mechanism whereby the pandemic impacted OHC usage is still unclear. Methods: Via an online survey (N=318), the present paper measures the users' perceptions towards both offline and online services, their intention to switch to OHC, and the perceived pandemic risks. The relationships among these factors are conceptualized by the push-pull-mooring framework, and tested via structural equation modelling. Results: Dissatisfaction with offline service (process inefficiency and consultation anxiety), the attractiveness of OHC (perceived benefits and perceived ease of use), and users' behavioral inertia (switching cost and habit) jointly influence the intention to switching to OHC. The significant role of the perceived pandemic risk of going to medical facilities is particularly addressed. On the one hand, the perceived pandemic risk is found with an indirect impact on the switching intention by enlarging the dissatisfaction with offline service and the attractiveness of OHC. On the other hand, a high perceived pandemic risk induces more actual switching behavior and also amplifies the transition from switching intention to behavior. Discussion: The study provides novel insights into the understanding of OHC usage in the post-pandemic era, and also informs medical facilities, OHC platforms, and policymakers on managing and balancing the online and offline healthcare provision.

From offline learning to online learning: Moderating effect of relationship inertia and satisfaction

The progress of educational technology and the demand of home learning under COVID‐19 have promoted the rapid development of online learning all over the world. The existing research focuses on offline learning or online learning but seldom discusses their switching process. This paper uses the questionnaire method and structural equation model to analyze the influencing factors of switching intention and behavior from offline learning to online learning. The results show that the switching intention is significantly affected by perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and computer self‐efficacy, and negatively affected by the perceived risk. The switching intention makes a significant positive effect on switching behavior. When the learner's offline learning relationship inertia and satisfaction are higher, the relationship between switching intention and switching behavior will be weakened. At the end of the paper, some suggestions are put forward for reference for the related parties of online learning.

Consumer Intention to Switch from Cash to Mobile Payment in Restaurants During and After Pandemic

During the Covid-19, more and more consumers complete transactions on mobile devices and enjoy their orders at home. However, it is unknown whether mobile payment will become normal when they return to restaurants. Results show that the perceived inconvenience of cash, the perceived convenience of mobile payment and deal proneness facilitate the intention of consumers to switch to mobile payments. The perceived security and privacy, perceived health risk, consumer innovativeness, and social influence have a direct bearing on consumer intent to switch to mobile payment and moderate switching intention. This study also provides theoretical and managerial implications. © 2023 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Switch or Stay? Applying a Push–Pull–Mooring Framework to Evaluate Behavior in E-Grocery Shopping

This study investigates the antecedents of the intention to switch to e-grocery shopping during the COVID-19 pandemic, which is critical in recommending that e-grocery shopping service providers improve their competitiveness by responding to customer expectations. This study proposes a push–pull–mooring framework to describe the influence of dissatisfaction on the physical market, the attractiveness of e-grocery, and switching costs as factors that drive switching intentions. This study surveyed 252 Indonesians aware of the existence of an e-grocery mobile application, and applied structural equation modeling as an analytical method to explain causal relationships between variables thought to influence switching intentions to e-grocery shopping. The results showed that the attractiveness of e-grocery had a significant effect on switching intention. Likewise, switching costs ultimately drive customer intention to switch to e-grocery shopping. However, dissatisfaction is not a driving factor directly affecting switching costs and intentions. Finally, e-grocery services cannot replace the local tradition of Indonesian people who prefer to shop for groceries in physical markets. Nevertheless, these findings provide theoretical and practical contributions to retail grocery businesses that have integrated conventional and digital services as a future strategy that drives business sustainability. © 2023 by the authors.

A deeper understanding of switching intention and the perceptions of non-subscribers

PurposeMost previous studies on new technologies and services have concentrated on their acceptance, seldom exploring in depth why users may choose not to accept technology or service and remain "non-users.” This study aims to understand free platform users' intention to switch to paid subscription platforms.Design/methodology/approachThis study utilized push-pull-mooring (PPM) theory to investigate free OTT platform viewers' switching intentions toward paid OTT platforms. A research model was established and examined via a two-stage partial least square (PLS) method. A total of 446 free users were collected from Facebook and Line for data analysis.FindingsResults show that perceived intrusiveness is the push factor and alternative attractiveness is the pull factor and that both have a positive impact on the switching intention of non-subscribers. Habit represents the mooring factor and negative affects switching intention. Perceived convenience and perceived enjoyment are shown to be two significant habitual antecedents. Furthermore, habit is revealed to moderate the effect of users' perceived advertisement intrusion and alternative attractiveness on switching intention to strengthen positive impact when the habit is strong.Originality/valueThis study is one of the pioneering studies to consider free-to-paid switching behavior on media services using PPM's structural equation model. Contrary to previous research, the study found that, in the context of the free-to-paid transition, highly accustomed users' perception of pull factors and push factors were strengthened, thus generating the tendency to switch platforms.

Don't touch the Merchandise! Factors associated with consumer preference for contact free shopping

The global COVID-19 outbreak has had a wide-ranging impact on people's lives. This research looks at the recent shift in consumer preferences toward contact-free shopping when purchasing fashion goods. Push-pull-mooring (PPM) theory is used to identify and predict factors that promote or hinder a shift toward contact-free shopping. A survey of young consumers is used to develop and test hypotheses. The findings show that the PPM factors have a significant effect on switching behavior, risk perception, perceived value, and lock-in factors (along with some sub-factors related to each) being significantly related to both intentions to switch to contact-free shopping and actual switching behavior. Theoretical, managerial, and societal implications are discussed in the context of digital wellbeing. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Travel satisfaction and travel well-being: Which is more related to travel choice behaviour in the post COVID-19 pandemic? Evidence from public transport travellers in Xi'an, China.

The spread of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has decreased the willingness to choose public transport where travellers are more likely to be infected due to intensive passenger flow, in which case it is hard to attract passenger volume if the subjective well-being of travellers is not improved. However, the traditional measurement of travel evaluation may be not applicable to the context of the pandemic and it is necessary to analyse the changes in the internal mechanisms of travel well-being to avoid the loss of passengers. Based on structural equation modelling, this paper explored the internal relationship between the constructs of travel well-being and emphasised the significance of taking psychological factors into consideration in the post COVID-19 pandemic. The results show that travel satisfaction with the anti-pandemic related service quality of public transport is related to overall travel well-being, which can be used as a key part of well-being measurement scale design in the future. The results also indicate that, due to negative mood on the affective level induced by COVID-19, travel satisfaction on the cognitive level is not directly but indirectly related to travel choice behaviour through overall travel well-being. Compared to travel satisfaction, travel well-being is more extensive and covers travel satisfaction to some extent. Therefore, instead of studying travel satisfaction simply, taking travel well-being as the dependent variable to identify shortages existing in public transport will provide a more accurate perspective for policymakers in the post COVID-19 pandemic.

Does Self-Monitoring Influence Golfers? Analysis of Golf Tourism Using the Existence–Relatedness–Growth Theory

Considering the recent paradigm shift in sports tourism due to COVID-19, it is essential to understand the tourism needs and mentality of consumers. This study aimed to verify the relationship between tourism needs, self-monitoring, and the switching intention of golfing tourists. We used online questionnaires to survey golf tourists who experienced negative attention from other people in the context of COVID-19. The results of the structural equation modeling analysis are as follows: (1) tourism needs partially affect self-monitoring;(2) self-monitoring has a significant effect on switching intention;(3) self-monitoring did not play a mediating role between existence needs and switching intention;and (4) relatedness needs and growth needs were shown to play a mediating role. From the standpoint of tourism planning and marketing, the findings reveal a desire for tourism despite the COVID-19 infection risks. Marketers should identify the preferred tourism content, according to consumers’ tourism needs, and develop customized plans.

Restaurant Diners' Switching Behavior During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Protection Motivation Theory.

The unsettling fear of COVID-19 infections has caused a new trend in consumer behavior in the food and beverage industry. The unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic has shifted consumers' preferences from eat-in to online delivery. This research aims to measure the impact of consumers' motivation to protect themselves from contracting COVID-19, which explains why people switch from eat-in to online food delivery. We adopted the theory of protection motivation (PMT) to explain consumer switching behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic. The present study investigated the mediating effect of switching intention on the relationship between vulnerability, altruistic fear, anticipated regret, and switching behavior. Simultaneously, we examined the role of brand awareness as a moderator of behavioral choices of consumers switching from eat-in to online delivery. We collected data from 681 eatery consumers in Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia, using scenario-based survey questionnaires (327 eat-in respondents and 354 online delivery respondents). Then, the data were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). This new generation analysis was conducted using the analysis of moment structure (AMOS) (v.24.0) and the statistical package for social science (SPSS-version 25.0). The results indicated that consumer vulnerability, altruistic fear, and anticipated regret of COVID-19 increased consumers' propensity to shift from eat-in to online food delivery. Allegedly, consumer behavioral control and intention of switching toward online delivery were pointedly affected by switching behavior. The results indicated that consumer vulnerability, altruistic fear, and anticipated regret of COVID-19 increased the shifting of restaurant dine-in patterns and made the intention to switch to online delivery. Consumers' alleged behavioral control and their intention of switching toward online delivery were pointedly affected by switching behavior. We also found that brand awareness moderately affects switching behavior toward restaurant settings. The present research contributes to developing the consumer behavior model of switching from eat-in to online delivery. This study also provides eatery customers and the business community with a safer and healthier proposition of shifting to online food delivery during the pandemic.

Don't touch the Merchandise! Factors associated with consumer preference for contact free shopping

The global COVID-19 outbreak has had a wide-ranging impact on people’s lives. This research looks at the recent shift in consumer preferences toward contact-free shopping when purchasing fashion goods. Push–pull–mooring (PPM) theory is used to identify and predict factors that promote or hinder a shift toward contact-free shopping. A survey of young consumers is used to develop and test hypotheses. The findings show that the PPM factors have a significant effect on switching behavior, risk perception, perceived value, and lock-in factors (along with some sub-factors related to each) being significantly related to both intentions to switch to contact-free shopping and actual switching behavior. Theoretical, managerial, and societal implications are discussed in the context of digital wellbeing.

Consumers' Switching from Cash to Mobile Payment under the Fear of COVID-19 in Taiwan

The COVID-19 pandemic impacts our lives significantly;people have changed their daily lives in response to the unprecedented epidemic which not only awakened the arrival of a new normal in business, but also new lifestyles. For example, the adaptation of contactless mobile payment has grown in the past two years to avoid unnecessary contact and possible infections. In this study, we intend to examine behavioral intentions that made consumers shift from traditional cash payment to mobile payment during the COVID-19 period. Our research framework and hypotheses were developed and examined through the push (dissatisfaction)-pull (alternative attractiveness)-mooring (perceived fear) model. We used structural equation modeling (SEM) to validate our model and corresponding hypotheses. The results of this study showed that dissatisfaction with tradition-al payments and customer's perceived fears positively and significantly affected switching intentions. However, alternative attractiveness had no significant impact on consumers' switching intentions from cash to mobile payments during the pandemic. Moreover, this study shows how perceived fear has a mediating effect that motivates people to change their payment behaviors. Implications and future research directions about consumers changing in such a dynamic time are also discussed.

Will Perceived Risk of COVID-19 Move Exhibition Visitors from On-Site to Virtual? Focusing on Exhibition Quarantine Service Quality and Switching Intention.

COVID-19 has shifted people's activities from the real world to the virtual world in many fields, such as conferences, shopping, education, and more. In the field of MICE, however, exhibitions have been held steadily since the second half of 2020 in the form of on-site exhibitions. The exhibition organizers and related authorities have tried to attract exhibitors and visitors to the exhibition hall by providing exhibition quarantine services. Moreover, despite various perceived risks during the COVID-19 period, exhibition visitors continue to visit the exhibition. This study, therefore, paid attention to the psychological factors of visitors who consistently visit on-site exhibitions even during the pandemic. In addition to the perceived risks, this study tried to examine the quality of exhibition quarantine services and switching intention of visitors, and to analyze the relationships between them. A survey of 167 people who visited the camping exhibition and well-food exhibition held in June 2021 found that they would not visit the exhibition due to the functional and financial risk of the exhibition rather than the risk of the virus. On the other hand, it was found that visitors who felt the social risk of COVID-19 valued the quality of exhibition quarantine service. Furthermore, the study found that the quarantine service quality lowered switching intention. Therefore, the study suggests that exhibition organizers should think about ways to strengthen the most essential characteristics of on-site exhibitions along with appropriate quarantine measures to induce steady visits even during the pandemic.

Virtual Fitness: investigating team commitment and post-pandemic virtual workout perceptions.

The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the fitness landscape leading to phenomenal growth in virtual workouts. This study investigates factors influencing virtual workout team commitment and post-pandemic workout intentions. A conceptual framework is developed that is grounded in the social identity theory. Online data collection is employed to gather responses from 406 team virtual workout participants. Results reveal that virtual workout team participation positively influences team identification, satisfaction, and compliance with team norms. Additionally, virtual workout team identification, satisfaction, and compliance to team norms were found to be antecedents of commitment to the virtual workout team. Commitment to virtual workout teams is revealed to be positively associated with post-pandemic virtual team workout intention and post-pandemic traditional team workout intention. However, the relationship with post-pandemic traditional team workout intentions was found to be stronger. Valuable theoretical and practical insights emerge, providing a better understanding of virtual workout team commitment and how marketers and practitioners can ensure post-pandemic success by better understanding customer behaviour.

Factors Affecting Switching Intention from Cash on Delivery to E-Payment Services in C2C E-Commerce Transactions: COVID-19, Transaction, and Technology Perspectives

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the application of e-payment has rapidly increased. However, e-payment has not been able to achieve a trustworthy level in e-commerce transactions. Thus, cash payment methods with Cash On Delivery (COD) services still dominate C2C e-commerce payment transactions in Indonesia. This study aims to investigate factors that affect users' switching intentions from COD to e-payment services. The research model was adopted by using the Push-Pull-Mooring framework, integrating perceived COVID-19 risk, technology acceptance, and transaction effort. Empirical research was conducted using data from 546 COD and e-payment users in Indonesia, with Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) being used to validate the model and analyze the hypotheses. The results indicate that switching intention from COD to e-payment is significantly influenced by pull factors in e-payment, which are economic benefits, performance expectancy, effort expectancy, and critical mass. There are also two mooring factors that significantly influence the switching intention from COD to e-payment, which are trust and perceived security and privacy. This study makes a significant contribution to the literature in terms of validating a theoretical framework that emphasizes factors that influence user switching intentions from COD to e-payment in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. This research can be a reference for Indonesian payment system regulators and e-payment service providers in formulating regulations and strategies to accelerate the spread of digital transactions in Indonesia. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee ESJ, Italy.

From offline learning to online learning: Moderating effect of relationship inertia and satisfaction

The progress of educational technology and the demand of home learning under COVID-19 have promoted the rapid development of online learning all over the world. The existing research focuses on offline learning or online learning but seldom discusses their switching process. This paper uses the questionnaire method and structural equation model to analyze the influencing factors of switching intention and behavior from offline learning to online learning. The results show that the switching intention is significantly affected by perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and computer self-efficacy, and negatively affected by the perceived risk. The switching intention makes a significant positive effect on switching behavior. When the learner's offline learning relationship inertia and satisfaction are higher, the relationship between switching intention and switching behavior will be weakened. At the end of the paper, some suggestions are put forward for reference for the related parties of online learning. © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

The Effect of Perceived Product Quality, Brand Personality, and Loyalty on Brand Switching intention of Technological Products

Research Aims: Laptops are essential in people's everyday lives. Since laptop utilization has been very high during the COVID-19 pandemic because of the restrictions imposed by the pandemic, many laptop manufacturers have made efforts to drive consumers to switch to their laptop brands. The main objective of this research is to examine how perceived product quality, brand personality, and loyalty affect brand switching intention. Design/methodology/approach: The data were collected online from 216 consumers. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) was employed to analyse the data. Research Findings: The result demonstrates that perceived product quality, brand personality, and loyalty have both direct and indirect negative effects on consumers' switching intention. It is revealed that variables play a pivotal role in consumers' evaluation of laptop products and their subsequent switching intention. Theoretical Contribution/Originality: There is currently a dearth of studies testing the impact of brand personality dimensions on consumer brand identification, perceived product quality, loyalty, and switching intention. Our findings provide more insight into switching intention as a means to achieve a competitive edge in global laptop shipments during the Covid-19 pandemic. Managerial Implications in the South East Asian context: This study can serve as a comprehensive guideline for businesses to position their brands successfully to reduce any consumer switching intentions affecting their products. However, consumers' perspectives on brand personality with a laptop product affect their critical evaluations. Global laptop manufacturers should leverage brand personality to engender positive consumer evaluation and reduce switching intention. Research Limitations & Implications: Other factors beyond the scope of the research, such as brand-related factors, have many different inherent attributes (e.g., specifications, functions, designs, prices. and advancements) whose influence on switching intention needs to be considered in future research.

Impact of COVID-19 to customers switching intention in the food segments: the push, pull and mooring effects in consumer migration towards organic food

This article discusses the compelling challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic by examining how much a given conventional food sector is reliable and secure in providing healthy food. For this purpose, we relied on the push-pull-mooring (PPM) model to examine the consumer switching intentions from conventional food to organic food. To investigate this model, we utilised the quantitative method approach and collected 1000 valid responses from Chinese consumers for a better understanding of the consumer purchase and switching intention. Based on our findings, the COVID-19 pandemic strongly pushes Chinese consumer’s intentions towards organic food, even though the organic food sector is relatively new in China, which started in the 1990s and no such legitimate evidence found that the food processing or packaging caused COVID-19 transmission. This research assists the decision makers and managers to understand and analyse the true consumer switching intention that drastically changes because of pandemics and consumers are self-protecting from any harm. This article also helps policymakers see the basic problems like a high price, availability issues, and less credence attribute knowledge getting away to the consumer from organic food and ensuring the availability, affordable price, and awareness regarding credence attribute through reanalysing and implementation of policies.

Will proximity mobile payments substitute traditional payments? Examining factors influencing customers' switching intention during the COVID-19 pandemic

Purpose The objective of this study is twofold: first, to investigate the determinants of customers' switching intention from traditional payments to proximity mobile payments (PMPs) during the COVID-19 pandemic for specific insight on how these factors shape customers' switching intentions;second, this study discusses the relationship between traditional payments and PMP services. Design/methodology/approach The study data were collected from individual customers who used both traditional payments and PMP in a physical store during the COVID-19 pandemic. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was applied to analyze the validity of the variables and the causal relationships among variables based on 305 valid data. Findings The results show that the factor of traditional payments, that is, dissatisfaction positively and significantly influenced customers' switching intention. Factors of PMP, namely perceived usefulness (PUF) and perceived ease of use (EOU), positively and significantly impacted switching intention. In addition, the relationship between traditional payments and PMP, that is, low perceived substitutability was found to negatively influence switching intention, PUF and EOU. Research limitations/implications First, the study targets are customers with experience in using PMP after the COVID-19 pandemic. It is suggested to compare customers who had experience using PMP before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Second, although cash and bank cards belong to the category of traditional payments, they have different degrees of contact when transactions occur. The contact rate of bank cards is lower than that of cash. This study did not differentiate between cash and bank cards, which is the main limitation. Originality/value First, this study provides a reference to examine mobile payment usage from the perspective of both incumbent and alternative services conjointly under emergency situations, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Second, the application of migration theory to the context of mobile payment extends existing research on mobile payment. Third, this study is among the first to investigate the relationship between traditional payments and PMP.

Toward street vending in post COVID-19 China: Social networking services information overload and switching intention.

With the progress of epidemic containment, the Chinese government has relaxed its regulatory policies on street vending, hoping to help people who have lost their livelihoods and to assist in the restoration of social and economic order. In response, Chinese people poured into the stall economy, especially individual peddlers, with great expectations for street vending. Street vending has become a hot topic on Chinese social network sites (SNSs). Based on the push-pull-mooring framework, SNS information overload theory was introduced and combined with the actual situations of street vending in China, and a structural equation model was established to study factors affecting individual Chinese peddlers' intention to engage in street vending and the effects of SNS information overload on these factors. Results revealed that perceived policy benefits, subjective norms, and switching cost perceptions of individual peddlers were positive factors affecting their intention to engage in street vending. SNS information overload positively affected individual peddlers' dissatisfaction with their original business model, anxieties over their livings, perception of policy benefits, and subjective norms but negatively affected individual peddlers' perception of switching costs.